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                                <span>Overview</span>
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                                <span>Key Concepts</span>
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                                <span>Organization</span>
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                                    <h3>Overview</h3>
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                                        <p>Hospitals were built as an institution that provides medical and health needs by
                                        specialized staff and equipment. Medicine started its practice before the start of
                                        civilization for man is already aware that diseases exist and to adapt, they start looking
                                        for various cures in their environment. Early records identified medicine with religion
                                        that priests during those times also act as physicians; performing their task as priest and
                                        at time administering aid to the sick. In ancient Rome, around 100 BC, hospitals serve as a
                                        centre for emergency care of the sick and wounded soldiers. As Christianity grew, hospitals
                                        became part of the church's mission to tend to the healthcare not only of the soldiers
                                        but also who needed it. In the middle ages, hospitals serves as almshouses, hostels, or
                                        hospital school, starting to establish voluntary hospitals. During those times, hospitals
                                        were primarily funded by philanthropy from the community which was supplemented by patient
                                        fees. Healthcare work was usually performed by volunteers or by religious orders. As
                                        technology progresses, the field of medicine continued to branch out to reach all areas of
                                        learning. Technology had continually improved that hospitals today can immediately provide
                                        necessary cures and medical services for any individual. Trainings for medical staffs now
                                        were rigorously supervised to monitor the quality of service that is being provided.</p>
										
                                        <p>Hospitals, like any other businesses, are also concerned with revenues and other
                                        expenses, for the flow of revenue affects not only the services the hospital can provide
                                        but also the condition of the hospital itself. Among the factors that affects hospital
                                        revenues and expenses are the number of patients, insurance sources, types of services the
                                        hospital offers and the frequency of use of different services. It is also difficult to
                                        compare hospital costs from one hospital to another for it may vary by the severity of the
                                        patient's illness being treated, the quality of care and intensity of services a specific
                                        hospital provides, cost shifting that pays for research and teaching, differences in
                                        billing practices, cost of labor and other inputs, and production efficiency.</p>
										
										</br></br></br>
										
										<h3>References</h3>

										
										<a href="johnpunnoose.com/yahoo.../HISTORY_OF_HOSPITALS.11155632.doc" target="_top">
										johnpunnoose.com/yahoo.../HISTORY_OF_HOSPITALS.11155632.doc </a></br>
										
										<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_hospitals" target="_top">											http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_hospitals</a></br>
										
										<a href="http://www.vhi.org/hguide_beginning.asp" target="_top">
										http://www.vhi.org/hguide_beginning.asp </a></br>
										
										<a href="http://smallbusiness.chron.com/categories-expenses-revenues-hospital-business-setting-4882.html" target="_top">
										http://smallbusiness.chron.com/categories-expenses-revenues-hospital-business-setting-4882.html </a></br>
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													<h3 id="sidebar-content-header">References</h3>

													<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki" target="_top">
													http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki </a></br>
													
													<a href="http://www.mass.gov/chia/docs/pc/2009-03-13-global-budgets-final-c5.pdf" target="_top">
													http://www.mass.gov/chia/docs/pc/2009-03-13-global-budgets-final-c5.pdf </a></br>
													
													<a href="http://www.vhi.org/hguide_corpprofile.asp" target="_top">
													http://www.vhi.org/hguide_corpprofile.asp </a></br>
													
													<a href="http://www.vhi.org/hguide_medicalprofile.asp" target="_top">
													http://www.vhi.org/hguide_medicalprofile.asp</a></br>
													
													<a href="http://www.slideshare.net/Faseela/hospital-administration" target="_top">
													http://www.slideshare.net/Faseela/hospital-administration </a></br>
													
													<a href="http://www.hrsa.gov/healthit/toolbox/RuralHealthITtoolbox/Introduction/critical.html" target="_top">
													http://www.hrsa.gov/healthit/toolbox/RuralHealthITtoolbox/Introduction/critical.html </a></br>
													
													<a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/managedcare.html" target="_top">
													http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/managedcare.html </a></br>
													
													<a href="http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Blue+Cross+plans" target="_top">
													http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Blue+Cross+plans </a></br>
													
													<a href="http://www.aha.org/advocacy-issues/medicare/index.shtml" target="_top">
													http://www.aha.org/advocacy-issues/medicare/index.shtml </a></br>
													
													<a href="http://www.jblearning.com/samples/0763749745/49745_Ch03.pdf" target="_top">
													http://www.jblearning.com/samples/0763749745/49745_Ch03.pdf </a></br>
													
													<a href="http://www.aging-parents-and-elder-care.com/Pages/LTC_Glossary/LTC_GlossaryC.html" target="_top">
													http://www.aging-parents-and-elder-care.com/Pages/LTC_Glossary/LTC_GlossaryC.html </a></br>
													
													<a href="http://www.investopedia.com" target="_top">
													http://www.investopedia.com </a></br>
													
													<a href="http://wps.prenhall.com/bp_rejda_prmi_11/134/34389/8803674.cw/content/index.html" target="_top">
													http://wps.prenhall.com/bp_rejda_prmi_11/134/34389/8803674.cw/content/index.html</a></br>
													
													<a href="www.owlnet.rice.edu/~econ481/Lec5.ppt‎" target="_top">
													www.owlnet.rice.edu/~econ481/Lec5.ppt‎</a></br>
													
													<a href="http://www.kingsfund.org.uk/sites/files/kf/chapter-6-competition-between-hospitals-new-labours-market-reforms-sept11.pdf" target="_top">
													http://www.kingsfund.org.uk/sites/files/kf/chapter-6-competition-between-hospitals-new-labours-market-reforms-sept11.pdf </a></br>
													
													<a href="http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=contract%20out" target="_top">
													http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=contract%20out </a></br>
													
													<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2958418" target="_top">
													http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2958418 </a></br>
													
													<a href="http://www.who.int/management/resources/finances/ContractingPrimaryHealtServicesEvidence.pdf" target="_top">
													http://www.who.int/management/resources/finances/ContractingPrimaryHealtServicesEvidence.pdf </a></br>
													
													<a href="http://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/reports/competition-among-hospitals/232017.pdf" target="_top">
													http://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/reports/competition-among-hospitals/232017.pdf</a></br>
													
													<a href="http://www.philblock.info/hitkb/h/hospital_departments_nonclinical.html" target="_top">
													http://www.philblock.info/hitkb/h/hospital_departments_nonclinical.html‎</a></br>
																										
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                                    <h3>Organization</h3>
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												<p>A hospital is an organization that consists of committees and departments and requires highly trained staffs, 
												equipments, and facilities to fully serve its function (see <a href="#organization">Figure 1</a>). It has a corporate
												structure, the business aspect, that concerns with the hospital's revenues and how to make the organization productive; 
												and a medical-service structure that is committed to its medical responsibility. Hospitals differ from other firms 
												for patients typically don't pay hospitals directly for there are insurance that compensates some of their expenses, 
												hospital's ownership is uncertain for it may be a not-for-profit voluntary or government organization, and Physicians 
												or doctors mostly controls medical care and have no direct connection from funds. </p>
																							
												<img class="img-responsive center-block" id="organization" src="../img/h&hsorganization.png" />

												<strong>Board and Administration</strong>
												<p>Most large hospitals have a governing board that operates the hospitals and protects the hospital's assets. 
												They are responsible for assigning administrative leaders of the hospital and designating hospital's daily operations 
												and budget. The administrative body (CEO, Vice President(s), Executive Assistants, Department heads) reports and 
												implements the strategic goals and decisions set by the board. They oversee the hospital's finances and initiates 
												the hospital's policies and procedures. </p>	
												</br>												
	
												<strong>Information Services</strong>
												<p>Information Services are non-medical services that are in charge with the hospital's documents, records, and 
												information. They are mostly administrative support service. It includes the following departments:</p>
												<ol>
													<li>Admissions - where patient's information is kept and added to the hospital's information system </li>
													<li>Billing &amp; Collection - responsible for tracking hospital's expenditures, paying bills and collecting money </li>
													<li>Medical Records - responsible of maintaining and updating patient's medical records </li>
													<li>Computer Information Systems - Information Technology department </li>
													<li>Health Education </li>
													<li>Human Resources - responsible for planning manpower and performance evaluation of hospital staffs. </li>
												</ol>	
												</br>

												<strong>Therapeutic Services</strong>
												<p>Therapeutic Services are medical services that focus on the treatment of patients. It includes the following departments:</p>
												<ol>
													<li>Physical Therapy - treatment to improve large muscle mobility </li>
													<li>Occupational Therapy - treatment goal is to help patient regain fine motor skills </li>
													<li>Speech/Language Pathology - identify, evaluate, treat speech/language disorders </li>
													<li>Respiratory Therapy - treat patients with heart and lung disease </li>
													<li>Medical Psychology - concerned with mental well-being of patients </li>
													<li>Social Services - connect patients with community resources (financial aid, etc.) </li>
													<li>Pharmacy - dispense medications </li>
													<li>Dietary - maintain nutritionally sound diets for patients </li>
													<li>Sports Medicine - provide rehabilitative services to athletes </li>
													<li>Nursing - provide care for patients </li>
												</ol>
												</br>

												<strong>Diagnostic Services</strong>
												<p>Diagnostic Services are medical services that determines or investigates the cause(s) 
												of the patient's illness or injury. It includes the following departments:</p>
												<ol>
													<li>Medical Laboratory - studies body tissues </li>
													<li>Medical Imaging - radiology, MRI, CT, ultrasound </li>
													<li>Emergency Medicine - provides emergency diagnoses and treatment </li>
												</ol>
												</br>
								
												<strong>Support Services</strong>
												<p>Support Services provides clinical or non-clinical support for the entire hospital. It includes the following: </p>
												<ol>
													<li>Central Supply - orders, receives, stocks and distributes equipment and supplies </li>
													<li>Biomedical Technology - design, build repair, medical equipment </li>
													<li>Housekeeping &amp; Maintenance - maintain safe, clean environment </li>
												</ol>
												
												</br></br>
										
												<strong>References</strong>
												</br>

												<strong>organizational structure of a hospital</strong>
												</br>
												
												<a href="www.ebsummit.info/.../HospitalOrgStructure.ppt" target="_top">
												www.ebsummit.info/.../HospitalOrgStructure.ppt </a></br>
												
												<a href="http://belley.org/Management/01-Organization%20of%20the%20Healthcare%20System/01-Organizational%20Structures.ppt" target="_top">											http://belley.org/Management/01-Organization%20of%20the%20Healthcare%20System/01-Organizational%20Structures.ppt</a></br>
												
												<a href="http://www.investopedia.com" target="_top">
												http://www.investopedia.com </a></br>

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                                    <h3>Function</h3>
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												<ol>
													<li><strong>Medical</strong></li>
													<p>The medical staff is an organized unit within the hospital organization consists primarily of medical physicians 
													but may also include other doctoral level health care professionals such as dentists and psychologists.  Its major 
													role is to endorse  or recommend to the board of the directors the appointment  of physicians to the  medical staff.
													When the board approves the recommendation, it grants the physicians various privileges such as : </p>
													
													<ul>
														<li>the right to admit patients to the hospital</li>
														<li>to perform  surgery</li>
														<li>to provide  consultation to other physicians</li>
													</ul>
													
													<p>The medical staff, along with a  number of medical staff committees, also oversees and reviews the quality of 
													medical care being serviced by the hospital.</p>
													</br>
													
													<li><strong>Patient Support</strong></li>
													<p>Patient support function focuses on patient care that includes nursing, dietary, diagnostic, therapy,  
													rehabilitation, pharmacy and laboratory services. </p>		

													<p>The nursing division comprises the single largest component of the hospital's organization and is 
													subdivided by the type of patient care delivered in various medical specialties. The head nurse supervises 
													all nursing care assigned to his or her unit.  Nursing care includes executing the physician's orders for 
													medications, patient's diet and various types of therapy. The head nurse also coordinates all aspects 
													of patient care and the  services of departments. </p>
													
													<p>Staff members with diverse array of health care disciplines are classified as allied health personnel 
													and they supplement the functions of physicians and other health care personnel in delivering health care services
													to patients. Allied health professions can be classified by the service they deliver and some discipline may serve
													more than one function: </p>
													
													<ul>
														<li><strong>LABORATORY TECHNOLOGISTS AND TECHNICIANS</strong> - focuses on the diagnosis of disease, tracking physiologic 
														function and  effectiveness of medical treatments. 
														</br> Ex. Medical technologists, Radiologic Technologists </li>
														</br>
														<li><strong>ALLIED HEALTH PRACTITIONERS OF THE THERAPEUTIC SCIENCES</strong> - supervises the treatment and rehabilitation of 
														patients with a variety of  injuries and medical conditions.
														</br> Ex. Physical and Occupational Therapists, Physician Assistants </li>
														</br>
														<li><strong>BEHAVIORAL SCIENTISTS</strong> - involves social, psychological and patient education activities to maintaining 
														health, preventing  diseases and taking care of disability.
														</br> Ex. Social workers, Health Educators </li>
														</br>
														<li><strong>SPECIALIST SUPPORT SERVICE PERSONNEL</strong> -  performs functions that supports providers of patient care.
														</br> Ex. Health information administrators, dietitians </li>
													</ul>
													
													<p>Dietary or nutritional services department is headed by a chief dietitian and  staffed by other dietitians and 
													clinical nutrition specialists. It  includes food preparation facilities for monitoring inpatient meals, 
													food storage, and catering for hospital events. The important function of this department is to educate patients 
													on dietary needs and restrictions. </p>
													
													<p>Hospitals either maintains or contracts with laboratories to perform various tests that helps physicians 
													to diagnose illnesses and injuries, and monitor the patients' progress of treatment.  There are laboratories 
													that are supervised by a physician specialist or may be available through specific medical specialty departments. </p>
													
													<p>Rehabilitation departments assists patients in achieving optimal recovery from illness or injury. One of this 
													department is supervised by a specialist physician called physiatrist who diagnose and treats patients with 
													physical injuries or disabilities. </p>
													
													<p>The pharmacy department, headed by a licensed pharmacists, purchases and dispenses the medications to treat 
													patients. The pharmacist works with a medical staff in creating a list of drugs to be included in the pharmacy.</p>
													</br>
													
													<li><strong>Administrative</strong></li>
													<p>Administrative  is concern on the implemementing of policies of the support services of the hospital in the 
													area of finance, personnel materials and property, housekeeping, laundry, security, transport engineering and 
													maintenance. Its major functions are to provide</p>
													
													<p>Responsibilities:</p>
													<ol>
														<li>To plan, direct and coordinate financial operations of the hospital; </li>
														<li>To prepare work and financial plan and provide fund estimates for programs and projects;  </li>
														<li>To manage the receipt and disbursement of cash/ collections;  </li>
														<li>To administer personnel development programs, policies and standards; </li>
														<li>To give advice on matters affecting policies, enforcement and administration of laws,rules and regulations; </li>
														<li>To procure, store, manage and issue the inventory and disposal of unserviceable hospital equipment and materials; and </li>
														<li>To provide general services such as repairs and maintenance, housekeeping, laundry,transport and security. </li>
													</ol>	

													</br></br></br>
										
													<h3>References</h3>

													<strong>Healthcare economics</strong>
													</br><strong>[1]Hospitals: Sources and Uses of Funds (Chapter 8)</strong>
													</br><strong>Hospital Costs: Management and Regulation (Chapter 9)</strong>
													</br></br>
													
													<a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/50492666/FUNCTIONS-OF-THE-HOSPITAL" target="_top">
													http://www.scribd.com/doc/50492666/FUNCTIONS-OF-THE-HOSPITAL </a></br>
													
													<a href="http://www.philblock.info/hitkb/h/hospital_departments_nonclinical.html" target="_top">
													http://www.philblock.info/hitkb/h/hospital_departments_nonclinical.html</a>
										
												</ol>
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